Cultivation of Peanut (Arachis hypogeae L.)
Sunday 7 December 2014
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1. A BRIEF HISTORY
Peanuts are food plants such as shrubs originating from South America, specifically originating from Brazil. The first planting is done by the Indians (native Americans tribes). In developing the Americas planting done by immigrants from Europe. Peanut was first entered Indonesia in the early 17th century, brought by the Chinese and Portuguese merchants. Another name for peanuts is peanut una, suuk, nuts jebrol, nuts Bandung, nuts Tuban, nuts kole, nuts banggala. English is peanuts is "peanut" or "groundnut".
2. TYPES OF PLANTS
Systematics peanuts are as follows:
Kingdom: Plantae or plant
Division: Spermatophyta or seed plants
Sub Division: Angiospermae or covered with seed
Class: Dicotyledoneae or seeds into pieces two
Order: Leguminales
Family: Papilionaceae
Genus: Arachis
Species: Arachis hypogeae L .; Tuberous Arachis Benth .; Arachis guaramitica Chod & Hassl .; Arachis idiagoi Hochne .; Arachis angustifolia (Chod & Hassl) Killip .; Arachis villosa Benth .; Arachis prostrata Benth .; Arachis helodes Mart .; Arachis marganata Garden .; Arachis namby quarae Hochne .; Arachis villoticarpa Hochne .; Arachis glabrata Benth. Varieties cultivated groundnut farmers superior type usually upright and short-lived (early maturing). Yielding varieties of peanuts are marked with the following characteristics:
a) High yield.
b) Short life (early maturing) between 85-90 days.
c) The result is stable.
d) Resistance to major diseases (rust and leaf spot).
e) Tolerant of drought or muddy ground.
Peanut varieties in Indonesia are well-known, namely:
a) Nuts Brul, short-lived (3-4 months).
b) Chinese beans, long-lived (6-8 months).
c) Holle beans, a mixed type from crosses between varieties exist. Holle beans can not be equated with beans "Alert" because of different varieties.
3. BENEFITS OF PLANTS
In industry, it is used as a material for making cheese, butter, soap and cooking oil. The byproduct of the oil can be made meal (bean dregs already dipipit / taken oil) and made oncom through fungal fermentation. Benefits leaves addition is made of raw vegetables or boiled, used also as animal feed and green manure. As food and fodder are highly nutritious, peanut-containing fat (40.50%), protein (27%), carbohydrates and vitamins (A, B, C, D, E and K), also contains minerals include Calcium , chloride, Ferro, Magnesium, Phosphorous, Potassium and Sulphur.
4. INVESTMENT CENTER
At the International level initially centered peanuts in India, China, Nigeria, the United States and Gombai, then spread to other countries. In Indonesia peanut concentrated in Java, North Sumatra, Sulawesi and has now grown all over Indonesia.
5. TERMS GROWTH
5.1. climate
a) Rainfall suitable for peanut plants between 800-1300 mm / year. The rain is too hard will result in fall and flowers are not pollinated by bees. In addition, continuous rain will increase the humidity around the planting peanuts.
b) Temperatures for the peanut crop is not too difficult, because the minimum air temperature for the growth of peanuts around 28-32 ° C. When the temperature is below 10 ° C caused a bit stunted plant growth, even so stunted growth due to less than perfect flower.
c) Air humidity for peanut plants ranged between 65-75%. The presence of high rainfall will increase the humidity is too high around the plantation.
d) Full sun irradiation sorely needed for peanut plants, especially leaves fertility and development of peanut magnitude.
5.2. Growing Media
a) The type of soil that is suitable for peanut crop is loose soil types / light textured and lush.
b) The degree of acidity of the soil that is suitable for the cultivation of peanuts is a pH between 6.0 to 6.5.
c) Lack of water will cause the plants thin, stunted, wilt and eventually die. Required water plants derived from springs or springs that exist around the planting site. Well drained soil and berserasi or land that is not too wet and not too dry, good for growing peanuts.
5.3. altitude Places
Altitude good and ideal for peanut plants is at an altitude between 500 m above sea level. Certain types of peanuts can be planted at a certain altitude to be able to grow optimally.
6. GUIDELINES FOR RAISING
6.1. Nurseries
1) Requirements Seed
The terms of seeds / seedlings good peanuts are:
a) Derived from plant new and improved varieties.
b) Ability to grow high (over 90%) and healthy.
c) Seed coat shiny, no wrinkles and blemishes.
d) Pure or mixed with other varieties.
e) Seed moisture content ranging from 9-12%.
2) Preparation of Seed
Preparation of peanut seeds include the following:
a) Generative seeds (seeds).
b) The seeds should be stored in dry and tightly closed cans.
c) Good seed stored in a dry state constant.
d) Seeds obtained from Seed or breeder seed that has been designated by the Seed Certification.
e) Estimated seed needs can follow the following formula:
B = a x b x c kg
100 x p x q
B = weight of seed (kg)
A = Number of seeds / hole;
b = Seeds per 1000 seeds (g)
c = Location to be planted (ha)
p = distance between rows (m)
q = distance in a row (m)
6.2. Media Processing Plant
1) preparation
Measurement of the land area is very useful to know how many seeds are needed. Land conditions chosen should be adapted to the requirements of peanut plants.
2) Clearing
Land clearing essentially a clearing of all kinds of weeds (plants) and roots before planting. The purpose of clearing land to plant roots growing ease and eliminate the host plants for pests and diseases that may exist. Piracy is done with farm animals, such as buffalo, cow, or even with a tractor engine. Cultivation is done on the sides of which are difficult to reach by means of the plow and harrow to the ground ready for planting.
3) Formation Beds
To facilitate the setting pembedengan planting in accordance with a predetermined size, ie for a rather steep slope sufficient spacing of 0.5 m and for the land that is not so skewed to between 30-40 meters. As for the flat land, spacious beds are 10-20 meters or 2 x 10 meters. The thickness of the beds between 20-30 cm.
4) Liming
To raise the pH of the soil, especially in the land that is very sour, need liming. The dose used for liming when piracy is 1-2.5 tonnes / ha and stir until evenly mixed. Not later than 1 month before planting.
5) Biological fertilizer application MiG-6PLUS when pratanam (3hari before planting).
Give MiG-6PLUS biological fertilizer on the surface of the land by means of spray / pour evenly, the required dose is 2 liters per hectare. On dry land, the MiG-6PLUS application should be in the afternoon.
6) Fertilization
Fertilization is to add elements necessary plant nutrients. The type and dose of fertilizer per hectare is recommended urea = 60-90 kg plus TSP = 60-90 kg plus KCl = 50 kg. All doses given fertilizer at planting time. Fertilizer put on the right and left drill and drill hole was made approximately 3 cm.
6.3. Planting techniques
1) Determination of Planting Pattern
Pattern plants should pay attention to the season and rainfall. In the fertile soil, peanut seeds are planted in the bolt with a spacing of 40 x 15 cm or 30 x 20 cm. In less fertile land can be planted closer together ie 40 x 10 cm or 20 x 20 cm.
2) Hole Making Plant
Planting hole is made as deep as 3 cm with a drill with a predetermined distance above.
3) Planting Method
Choose a bean seed that has been qualified high quality seed. Put one or two grains of seed into the planting hole with a thin soil. Best planting time dilahan dry is at the beginning of the rainy season, in the paddy field can be conducted in April-June (crops I) or a month from July to September (crops II). As for the opening of land first made Rhizobium inoculation (seed inoculant mixed with a dose of 4 g / kg) and then direct seed planted later than 6 hours.
6.4. Plant maintenance
1) stitching
Stitching is done when there is a seed that is dead or not grow, to replanting the time the sooner the better (as others seem to grow ± 3-7 days after planting).
2) weeding
Weeding is done to avoid pests and plant diseases. Also that the plants are grown not compete with wild plants (weeds) at the age of 5-7 days.
3) ground cover
Ground cover done by collecting soil in the rows so as to form mounds that form elongated along the row of plants.
4) fertilization
Fertilization is done with the type and dose of the recommended fertilizer is urea = 60-90 kg / ha plus TSP = 60-90 kg / ha plus KCl = 50 kg / ha. All doses given fertilizer at planting and fertilizer entered the left to the right a single hole.
5) MiG-6PLUS fertilizer application during maintenance at the age of 3 weeks and 6 weeks after planting, when using the medium or long-lived seeds (90-120hari), required additional MiG-6PLUS fertilizer at the age of 9 weeks. Giving each of 2 liters per hectare.Giving MiG-6PLUS solution in the soil around the roots.
6) Irrigation and Watering
Watering is done so that the soil remains moist. To keep moisture in the dry season when given mulch and watering plants are not flowering, because it can menggganggu pollination.
7) Pesticide Spraying Time
Spraying to expel or eradicate the pest should be done in the afternoon or evening. Drugs used and the dose according to the type of pests that attack plants.
8) Other maintenance
Other things that really support the maintenance factor can be done, as long as it does not entail significant costs, such as pruning, propagation, maintenance and flower buds and environmental sanitation land (maintained in order to support the health of plants).
7. PEST AND DISEASE
7.1. pest
a) Uret
Symptoms: eat the roots, stems and pods finally the bottom of the plants wither and die. Control: simultaneous planting, weeding intensive, revoked and uret infected plants were destroyed.
b) colored caterpillar
Symptoms: folded leaf yellowing, finally dries. Control: 15 W5C Azodrin spraying insecticide, Sevin 85 S or Sevin 5 D. c) Silkworm grapyak Symptoms: caterpillars eat the leaf epidermis and bone in groups. Control: (1) clean of weeds, plant simultaneously, crop rotation; (2) spraying insecticide Lannate L, Azodrin 15 W5C.
c) caterpillars inch
Symptoms: attack leaves peanuts. Control: insecticide spraying Basudin 60 EC Azodrin 15 W5C, Lannate L Sevin 85 S.
d) Sikada
Symptoms: suck the liquid leaves. Control: (1) simultaneous planting, crop rotation; (2) spraying insecticide Lannate 25 WP, Lebaycid 500 EC, Sevin 5D, Sevin 85 S, Supraciden 40 EC.
e) leaf beetle
Symptoms: The leaves seem hollow, leaves and bones, also eat blossom. Control: (1) planting simultaneously; (2) spraying Agnotion 50 EC, Azodrin 15 W5C, Diazeno 60 EC.
7.2. disease
a) wilt
Control: spraying Streptonycin or Agrimycin, 1 ha in need of 0.5-1 liters. Agrimycin in solubility of 200-400 liters / ha.
b) Devil broom disease
Control: plants removed, discarded and destroyed, all cleaned host plants (sanitation).
c) Leaf spot disease
Control: Bardeaux slurry spraying with 1% or Dithane M 45, or Deconil the finished flowering plants, with intervals of spraying 1 week or 10 days.
d) mosaic disease
Control: regular spraying with fungicides 5-10 days since the new plants grow.
e) disease gapong
Control: didangir soil nematodes and searched, then just given a DD (Dichloropane Dichloropene 40-800 liters / ha per application.
f) disease Sclertium
Control: burn the affected plants fungi.
g) rust disease
Control: the affected plants removed and burned and all the vectors of transmission must be eradicated.
8. HARVEST
8.1. Characteristics and Harvest
Age peanut crops depending on the course is short lifespan ± 3-4 months and 5-6 months ± longevity. The characteristics of groundnut is harvested, among others:
a) Stem begins to harden.
b) The leaves turn yellow and sebabian began to fall, pods already contains a full and hard.
c) Pod color is dark brown.
8.2. How to Harvest
Revocation of plants and picking the pods (fruits) kept clean and dried in the sun, choose when needed for seed and so do storage, can be marketed for direct consumption or can be made of various types of food products.
8.3. Estimated Production
The number of normal crop production in the unit area, for example for one hectare of normal production ranged between 1.5-2.5 tonnes of dry peas.
9. POSTHARVEST
9.1. collection
Collect stover peanut strategic place.
9.2. Sorting and Classification
Divide old pods and pods are young to be separated by degrees ketuaannya, then the selection of damaged or rotten pods for disposal.
9.3. storage
a) Storage in the form of dried peas, dried peas input into burlap sacks or cans tightly sealed and stored in warehouse storage dry place.
b) Storage in the form of dry beans.
c) Peel the peanut pods dry by hand or peeler peanuts. Drying (DTY) peanut kernels up to 9% moisture content and then input into the container.
9.4. Packaging and Transportation
Packaging can be done for raw products / raw peas in plastic wrap per 10 kg. Can also be packaged cake or form cooked food like boiled peanuts, roasted peanuts and various types of peanut cake. To transport the principle that pentuing commodity condition is not damaged or does not change the quality of the prepared.
10. STANDARD PRODUCTION
10.1.Ruang Scope
Standard production plant beans include: classification, quality requirements, sampling method, test methods, labeling requirements, packaging and rekomondasi.
10.2.Diskripsi
Quality standards in Indonesian peanut listed in the Indonesian National Standard SNI 01-3921-1995.
10.3.Klasifikasi and Quality Requirements
Peanuts are classified into 3 types of quality: quality first, quality second and third quality
a) general Terms
1. Non pest.
2. Free stench, sour, musty and foreign smell.
3. Free from chemicals such as insecticides and fungicides.
4. It has a normal temperature.
b) Special requirements quality of peanut seeds (wose)
1. Maximum moisture content (%): the quality I = 6; quality II = 7; Quality III = 8.
2. Item damaged maximum (%): the quality of the I = 0; quality II = 1; Quality III = 2.
3. Item Mall maximum (%): the quality I = 1; quality II = 5; Quality III = 10.
4. Grain other colors maximum (%): the quality I = 0; quality II = 2; Quality III = 3.
5. Item wrinkles maximum (%): the quality I = 0; quality II = 2; Quality III = 4.
6. Maximum Impurities (%): the quality I = 0; quality II = 0.5; Quality III = 3.
7. Diameter: 8 mm minimum quality I; Quality II minimum 7 mm; Maximum III quality 6mm.
c) Special requirements quality of peanut pods (logs)
1. Maximum moisture content (%): the quality I = 8; quality = 9; quality = 9.
2. Maximum Impurities (%): the quality I = 1; quality II = 2; Quality III = 3.
3. The maximum wrinkled pods (%): the quality I = 2; quality II = 3; Quality III = 4.
4. The maximum damaged pods (%): the quality I = 0.5; quality II = 1; Quality III = 2.
5. The seed pods of the maximum (%): the quality I = 3; quality II = 4; Quality III = 5.
6. The minimum yield (%): the quality I = 65; quality II = 62.5; Quality III = 60.
To get the peanuts in accordance with the terms, then it should be done a few tests, namely:
a) Determination of the presence of pests and diseases, smell is done by organoleptic except the presence of chemicals by using their senses of sight and smell as well as assisted with equipment and means obtained.
b) Determination of the presence of damaged grain, grain color, dirt and grain sides done by hand with tweezers. Percentage point another color, damaged grains, grain sides, grain wrinkles, and dirt are set based on the weight of each component compared with the weight of 100%.
c) Determination of the diameter by using a dial caliper gauges.
d) Determination of seed moisture content should be determined by means of electronic tester mouture calibrated or by distillation with toulen (AOAC 9254). To measure the water content, peanut pods should be peeled skin first, then beans measured soil water content.
e) Determination of the temperature with a thermometer.
f) Determination of aflatoxin.
10.4. Random Sampling
Samples were taken at random as the square root of the number of sacks, with a maximum of 30 sacks of each party goods. Then from each bag were sampled a maximum of 500 grams. Examples are stirred / mixed so thoroughly, then divided by four and two sections taken diagonally, the way this is done several times to reach the sample weighing 500 grams. This example sealed and labeled for analysis, analysis of sample weight to 100 grams wose beans and peanuts spindle 200 grams. The sampling officer must qualify that people who have experienced or trained in advance, and had ties with a legal entity and have a certificate issued by the competent authority.
10.5.Packing
Peanuts are packed in jute sacks or other suitable material strong and clean and mulutnyadijahit, each sack netton maximum weight of 75 kg, and hold a good experience at handing the loading and offloading. In the outer bag (except in bulk form) is written with a safe material which does not fade with clearly legible, among others:
a) Production of Indonesia.
b) The area of origin of production.
c) Name and quality of the goods.
d) Name of company / exporter.
e) gross weight.
f) the net weight.
g) Number sack.
h) Purpose.
Peanuts are food plants such as shrubs originating from South America, specifically originating from Brazil. The first planting is done by the Indians (native Americans tribes). In developing the Americas planting done by immigrants from Europe. Peanut was first entered Indonesia in the early 17th century, brought by the Chinese and Portuguese merchants. Another name for peanuts is peanut una, suuk, nuts jebrol, nuts Bandung, nuts Tuban, nuts kole, nuts banggala. English is peanuts is "peanut" or "groundnut".
2. TYPES OF PLANTS
Systematics peanuts are as follows:
Kingdom: Plantae or plant
Division: Spermatophyta or seed plants
Sub Division: Angiospermae or covered with seed
Class: Dicotyledoneae or seeds into pieces two
Order: Leguminales
Family: Papilionaceae
Genus: Arachis
Species: Arachis hypogeae L .; Tuberous Arachis Benth .; Arachis guaramitica Chod & Hassl .; Arachis idiagoi Hochne .; Arachis angustifolia (Chod & Hassl) Killip .; Arachis villosa Benth .; Arachis prostrata Benth .; Arachis helodes Mart .; Arachis marganata Garden .; Arachis namby quarae Hochne .; Arachis villoticarpa Hochne .; Arachis glabrata Benth. Varieties cultivated groundnut farmers superior type usually upright and short-lived (early maturing). Yielding varieties of peanuts are marked with the following characteristics:
a) High yield.
b) Short life (early maturing) between 85-90 days.
c) The result is stable.
d) Resistance to major diseases (rust and leaf spot).
e) Tolerant of drought or muddy ground.
Peanut varieties in Indonesia are well-known, namely:
a) Nuts Brul, short-lived (3-4 months).
b) Chinese beans, long-lived (6-8 months).
c) Holle beans, a mixed type from crosses between varieties exist. Holle beans can not be equated with beans "Alert" because of different varieties.
3. BENEFITS OF PLANTS
In industry, it is used as a material for making cheese, butter, soap and cooking oil. The byproduct of the oil can be made meal (bean dregs already dipipit / taken oil) and made oncom through fungal fermentation. Benefits leaves addition is made of raw vegetables or boiled, used also as animal feed and green manure. As food and fodder are highly nutritious, peanut-containing fat (40.50%), protein (27%), carbohydrates and vitamins (A, B, C, D, E and K), also contains minerals include Calcium , chloride, Ferro, Magnesium, Phosphorous, Potassium and Sulphur.
4. INVESTMENT CENTER
At the International level initially centered peanuts in India, China, Nigeria, the United States and Gombai, then spread to other countries. In Indonesia peanut concentrated in Java, North Sumatra, Sulawesi and has now grown all over Indonesia.
5. TERMS GROWTH
5.1. climate
a) Rainfall suitable for peanut plants between 800-1300 mm / year. The rain is too hard will result in fall and flowers are not pollinated by bees. In addition, continuous rain will increase the humidity around the planting peanuts.
b) Temperatures for the peanut crop is not too difficult, because the minimum air temperature for the growth of peanuts around 28-32 ° C. When the temperature is below 10 ° C caused a bit stunted plant growth, even so stunted growth due to less than perfect flower.
c) Air humidity for peanut plants ranged between 65-75%. The presence of high rainfall will increase the humidity is too high around the plantation.
d) Full sun irradiation sorely needed for peanut plants, especially leaves fertility and development of peanut magnitude.
5.2. Growing Media
a) The type of soil that is suitable for peanut crop is loose soil types / light textured and lush.
b) The degree of acidity of the soil that is suitable for the cultivation of peanuts is a pH between 6.0 to 6.5.
c) Lack of water will cause the plants thin, stunted, wilt and eventually die. Required water plants derived from springs or springs that exist around the planting site. Well drained soil and berserasi or land that is not too wet and not too dry, good for growing peanuts.
5.3. altitude Places
Altitude good and ideal for peanut plants is at an altitude between 500 m above sea level. Certain types of peanuts can be planted at a certain altitude to be able to grow optimally.
6. GUIDELINES FOR RAISING
6.1. Nurseries
1) Requirements Seed
The terms of seeds / seedlings good peanuts are:
a) Derived from plant new and improved varieties.
b) Ability to grow high (over 90%) and healthy.
c) Seed coat shiny, no wrinkles and blemishes.
d) Pure or mixed with other varieties.
e) Seed moisture content ranging from 9-12%.
2) Preparation of Seed
Preparation of peanut seeds include the following:
a) Generative seeds (seeds).
b) The seeds should be stored in dry and tightly closed cans.
c) Good seed stored in a dry state constant.
d) Seeds obtained from Seed or breeder seed that has been designated by the Seed Certification.
e) Estimated seed needs can follow the following formula:
B = a x b x c kg
100 x p x q
B = weight of seed (kg)
A = Number of seeds / hole;
b = Seeds per 1000 seeds (g)
c = Location to be planted (ha)
p = distance between rows (m)
q = distance in a row (m)
6.2. Media Processing Plant
1) preparation
Measurement of the land area is very useful to know how many seeds are needed. Land conditions chosen should be adapted to the requirements of peanut plants.
2) Clearing
Land clearing essentially a clearing of all kinds of weeds (plants) and roots before planting. The purpose of clearing land to plant roots growing ease and eliminate the host plants for pests and diseases that may exist. Piracy is done with farm animals, such as buffalo, cow, or even with a tractor engine. Cultivation is done on the sides of which are difficult to reach by means of the plow and harrow to the ground ready for planting.
3) Formation Beds
To facilitate the setting pembedengan planting in accordance with a predetermined size, ie for a rather steep slope sufficient spacing of 0.5 m and for the land that is not so skewed to between 30-40 meters. As for the flat land, spacious beds are 10-20 meters or 2 x 10 meters. The thickness of the beds between 20-30 cm.
4) Liming
To raise the pH of the soil, especially in the land that is very sour, need liming. The dose used for liming when piracy is 1-2.5 tonnes / ha and stir until evenly mixed. Not later than 1 month before planting.
5) Biological fertilizer application MiG-6PLUS when pratanam (3hari before planting).
Give MiG-6PLUS biological fertilizer on the surface of the land by means of spray / pour evenly, the required dose is 2 liters per hectare. On dry land, the MiG-6PLUS application should be in the afternoon.
6) Fertilization
Fertilization is to add elements necessary plant nutrients. The type and dose of fertilizer per hectare is recommended urea = 60-90 kg plus TSP = 60-90 kg plus KCl = 50 kg. All doses given fertilizer at planting time. Fertilizer put on the right and left drill and drill hole was made approximately 3 cm.
6.3. Planting techniques
1) Determination of Planting Pattern
Pattern plants should pay attention to the season and rainfall. In the fertile soil, peanut seeds are planted in the bolt with a spacing of 40 x 15 cm or 30 x 20 cm. In less fertile land can be planted closer together ie 40 x 10 cm or 20 x 20 cm.
2) Hole Making Plant
Planting hole is made as deep as 3 cm with a drill with a predetermined distance above.
3) Planting Method
Choose a bean seed that has been qualified high quality seed. Put one or two grains of seed into the planting hole with a thin soil. Best planting time dilahan dry is at the beginning of the rainy season, in the paddy field can be conducted in April-June (crops I) or a month from July to September (crops II). As for the opening of land first made Rhizobium inoculation (seed inoculant mixed with a dose of 4 g / kg) and then direct seed planted later than 6 hours.
6.4. Plant maintenance
1) stitching
Stitching is done when there is a seed that is dead or not grow, to replanting the time the sooner the better (as others seem to grow ± 3-7 days after planting).
2) weeding
Weeding is done to avoid pests and plant diseases. Also that the plants are grown not compete with wild plants (weeds) at the age of 5-7 days.
3) ground cover
Ground cover done by collecting soil in the rows so as to form mounds that form elongated along the row of plants.
4) fertilization
Fertilization is done with the type and dose of the recommended fertilizer is urea = 60-90 kg / ha plus TSP = 60-90 kg / ha plus KCl = 50 kg / ha. All doses given fertilizer at planting and fertilizer entered the left to the right a single hole.
5) MiG-6PLUS fertilizer application during maintenance at the age of 3 weeks and 6 weeks after planting, when using the medium or long-lived seeds (90-120hari), required additional MiG-6PLUS fertilizer at the age of 9 weeks. Giving each of 2 liters per hectare.Giving MiG-6PLUS solution in the soil around the roots.
6) Irrigation and Watering
Watering is done so that the soil remains moist. To keep moisture in the dry season when given mulch and watering plants are not flowering, because it can menggganggu pollination.
7) Pesticide Spraying Time
Spraying to expel or eradicate the pest should be done in the afternoon or evening. Drugs used and the dose according to the type of pests that attack plants.
8) Other maintenance
Other things that really support the maintenance factor can be done, as long as it does not entail significant costs, such as pruning, propagation, maintenance and flower buds and environmental sanitation land (maintained in order to support the health of plants).
7. PEST AND DISEASE
7.1. pest
a) Uret
Symptoms: eat the roots, stems and pods finally the bottom of the plants wither and die. Control: simultaneous planting, weeding intensive, revoked and uret infected plants were destroyed.
b) colored caterpillar
Symptoms: folded leaf yellowing, finally dries. Control: 15 W5C Azodrin spraying insecticide, Sevin 85 S or Sevin 5 D. c) Silkworm grapyak Symptoms: caterpillars eat the leaf epidermis and bone in groups. Control: (1) clean of weeds, plant simultaneously, crop rotation; (2) spraying insecticide Lannate L, Azodrin 15 W5C.
c) caterpillars inch
Symptoms: attack leaves peanuts. Control: insecticide spraying Basudin 60 EC Azodrin 15 W5C, Lannate L Sevin 85 S.
d) Sikada
Symptoms: suck the liquid leaves. Control: (1) simultaneous planting, crop rotation; (2) spraying insecticide Lannate 25 WP, Lebaycid 500 EC, Sevin 5D, Sevin 85 S, Supraciden 40 EC.
e) leaf beetle
Symptoms: The leaves seem hollow, leaves and bones, also eat blossom. Control: (1) planting simultaneously; (2) spraying Agnotion 50 EC, Azodrin 15 W5C, Diazeno 60 EC.
7.2. disease
a) wilt
Control: spraying Streptonycin or Agrimycin, 1 ha in need of 0.5-1 liters. Agrimycin in solubility of 200-400 liters / ha.
b) Devil broom disease
Control: plants removed, discarded and destroyed, all cleaned host plants (sanitation).
c) Leaf spot disease
Control: Bardeaux slurry spraying with 1% or Dithane M 45, or Deconil the finished flowering plants, with intervals of spraying 1 week or 10 days.
d) mosaic disease
Control: regular spraying with fungicides 5-10 days since the new plants grow.
e) disease gapong
Control: didangir soil nematodes and searched, then just given a DD (Dichloropane Dichloropene 40-800 liters / ha per application.
f) disease Sclertium
Control: burn the affected plants fungi.
g) rust disease
Control: the affected plants removed and burned and all the vectors of transmission must be eradicated.
8. HARVEST
8.1. Characteristics and Harvest
Age peanut crops depending on the course is short lifespan ± 3-4 months and 5-6 months ± longevity. The characteristics of groundnut is harvested, among others:
a) Stem begins to harden.
b) The leaves turn yellow and sebabian began to fall, pods already contains a full and hard.
c) Pod color is dark brown.
8.2. How to Harvest
Revocation of plants and picking the pods (fruits) kept clean and dried in the sun, choose when needed for seed and so do storage, can be marketed for direct consumption or can be made of various types of food products.
8.3. Estimated Production
The number of normal crop production in the unit area, for example for one hectare of normal production ranged between 1.5-2.5 tonnes of dry peas.
9. POSTHARVEST
9.1. collection
Collect stover peanut strategic place.
9.2. Sorting and Classification
Divide old pods and pods are young to be separated by degrees ketuaannya, then the selection of damaged or rotten pods for disposal.
9.3. storage
a) Storage in the form of dried peas, dried peas input into burlap sacks or cans tightly sealed and stored in warehouse storage dry place.
b) Storage in the form of dry beans.
c) Peel the peanut pods dry by hand or peeler peanuts. Drying (DTY) peanut kernels up to 9% moisture content and then input into the container.
9.4. Packaging and Transportation
Packaging can be done for raw products / raw peas in plastic wrap per 10 kg. Can also be packaged cake or form cooked food like boiled peanuts, roasted peanuts and various types of peanut cake. To transport the principle that pentuing commodity condition is not damaged or does not change the quality of the prepared.
10. STANDARD PRODUCTION
10.1.Ruang Scope
Standard production plant beans include: classification, quality requirements, sampling method, test methods, labeling requirements, packaging and rekomondasi.
10.2.Diskripsi
Quality standards in Indonesian peanut listed in the Indonesian National Standard SNI 01-3921-1995.
10.3.Klasifikasi and Quality Requirements
Peanuts are classified into 3 types of quality: quality first, quality second and third quality
a) general Terms
1. Non pest.
2. Free stench, sour, musty and foreign smell.
3. Free from chemicals such as insecticides and fungicides.
4. It has a normal temperature.
b) Special requirements quality of peanut seeds (wose)
1. Maximum moisture content (%): the quality I = 6; quality II = 7; Quality III = 8.
2. Item damaged maximum (%): the quality of the I = 0; quality II = 1; Quality III = 2.
3. Item Mall maximum (%): the quality I = 1; quality II = 5; Quality III = 10.
4. Grain other colors maximum (%): the quality I = 0; quality II = 2; Quality III = 3.
5. Item wrinkles maximum (%): the quality I = 0; quality II = 2; Quality III = 4.
6. Maximum Impurities (%): the quality I = 0; quality II = 0.5; Quality III = 3.
7. Diameter: 8 mm minimum quality I; Quality II minimum 7 mm; Maximum III quality 6mm.
c) Special requirements quality of peanut pods (logs)
1. Maximum moisture content (%): the quality I = 8; quality = 9; quality = 9.
2. Maximum Impurities (%): the quality I = 1; quality II = 2; Quality III = 3.
3. The maximum wrinkled pods (%): the quality I = 2; quality II = 3; Quality III = 4.
4. The maximum damaged pods (%): the quality I = 0.5; quality II = 1; Quality III = 2.
5. The seed pods of the maximum (%): the quality I = 3; quality II = 4; Quality III = 5.
6. The minimum yield (%): the quality I = 65; quality II = 62.5; Quality III = 60.
To get the peanuts in accordance with the terms, then it should be done a few tests, namely:
a) Determination of the presence of pests and diseases, smell is done by organoleptic except the presence of chemicals by using their senses of sight and smell as well as assisted with equipment and means obtained.
b) Determination of the presence of damaged grain, grain color, dirt and grain sides done by hand with tweezers. Percentage point another color, damaged grains, grain sides, grain wrinkles, and dirt are set based on the weight of each component compared with the weight of 100%.
c) Determination of the diameter by using a dial caliper gauges.
d) Determination of seed moisture content should be determined by means of electronic tester mouture calibrated or by distillation with toulen (AOAC 9254). To measure the water content, peanut pods should be peeled skin first, then beans measured soil water content.
e) Determination of the temperature with a thermometer.
f) Determination of aflatoxin.
10.4. Random Sampling
Samples were taken at random as the square root of the number of sacks, with a maximum of 30 sacks of each party goods. Then from each bag were sampled a maximum of 500 grams. Examples are stirred / mixed so thoroughly, then divided by four and two sections taken diagonally, the way this is done several times to reach the sample weighing 500 grams. This example sealed and labeled for analysis, analysis of sample weight to 100 grams wose beans and peanuts spindle 200 grams. The sampling officer must qualify that people who have experienced or trained in advance, and had ties with a legal entity and have a certificate issued by the competent authority.
10.5.Packing
Peanuts are packed in jute sacks or other suitable material strong and clean and mulutnyadijahit, each sack netton maximum weight of 75 kg, and hold a good experience at handing the loading and offloading. In the outer bag (except in bulk form) is written with a safe material which does not fade with clearly legible, among others:
a) Production of Indonesia.
b) The area of origin of production.
c) Name and quality of the goods.
d) Name of company / exporter.
e) gross weight.
f) the net weight.
g) Number sack.
h) Purpose.
TERIMA KASIH ATAS KUNJUNGAN SAUDARA
Judul: Cultivation of Peanut (Arachis hypogeae L.)
Ditulis oleh Lajuardy Hardian
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