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Posted by Lajuardy Hardian
Saturday 20 December 2014
Most men prefer to take action to entertain a woman after that they act to lure women. Basically, women are concerned with feeling comfortable if he were beside him, but that does not mean consoling could make it interested in you. The first step you should do is lure, how to lure a woman? Of course through your appearance.
Look nice in front of women is an important thing that you need to achieve, especially in the approach phase. Many men are not aware of the importance of appearance, because appearance is the first impression that make women attracted to you. Not only that your appearance also reflects the quality yourself, remember the woman wants a man of quality. Therefore appear attractive is the first step you should do. In front of you are required to display a woman look more than 100 percent, that may be 200 percent. To make it happen you also do not need to use expensive stuff because there are 3 simple ways that you look doi attract attention. Anything? Check out his review below.
Shown Neat
In front of a beautiful creature named woman you absolutely must look neat, before a date you must pay attention to the costume that you will use. Do not choose clothes that are wrinkled or faded because you will look bleak in the eyes doi. Remember ladies always pay attention to the things in terms of tidiness, so appear neat are important things you should do.
Shown Net
The second step is to perform a clean, as has been previously disclosed if the costume is an important thing that you should look. If you make sure your costume is already clean then the next is make sure you perform a clean start from the tip to toe. Besides being a part of the faith appear clean also be a plus for you. You do not want your kecan ruined because of the small dirt stuck in your teeth or nails, is not it?
Shown Fragrance
When you interact will certainly feel a little disturbed by the strange smells that grazed your sense of smell. It is also highly required your attention, even you also must not only appear neat and clean but appear fragrance also absolutely do. Notice the strange smells that may come out of the body, mouth or your clothes, before a date then you should take precautions.
Posted by Lajuardy Hardian
Sunday 7 December 2014
Planting medium is one of the important factors that determine the farming activities. Planting media will determine whether the poor plant growth, which in turn affects the production. The types of growing media are numerous and varied. Moreover, with the development of various methods of farming, such as hydroponics and aeroponics.
Each type of plant requires the nature and characteristics of the different growing media. For example, fruit trees require different growing media character with vegetables. Fruit crops require a solid growth media in order to sustain the growth of relatively larger plants, while more leaf vegetable crops require the planting medium is loose and easily penetrated by roots.
Well, this time we will discuss the growing medium used for cultivation of organic vegetables in a poly bag or pot. The materials used are materials that are widely available in nature and can be done alone. The way that we describe is suitable for the cultivation of organic crops because it does not use additional chemical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, and other drugs.
Terms of good planting medium
Planting medium has a function to support the plant, providing nutrients and provides a place for plant roots to grow and thrive. Through the planting medium plants get most of the nutrients. For cultivation in container pots or polybags, planting medium is made in lieu of land. Therefore, to be able to replace the function of the soil for plants.
Planting medium must have good physical properties, chemistry and biology in accordance with the needs of the plant. In general, a good planting medium must have the following requirements:
Able to provide growing space for plant roots, as well as able to sustain crops. That is, the planting medium should be loose so that plant roots can grow good and perfect, but still pretty solid hold buttress roots and stems against buckling. If the media is too loose, root growth will be free, but the plant will be too easily uprooted. Conversely, if too dense, the roots will be difficult to grow.
Have good porosity, meaning that can save water at the same time also have drainage (ability to drain water) and aeration (oxygen flow capability) are good. Planting medium should be able to retain soil moisture, but should be able to remove the excess water. Planting medium porous material having an empty cavity. The media is isa impermeable, so that no stagnant water in pots or polybags. On the other hand ronga-cavity must be able to absorb water (hygroscopic) to be stored as reserves and retains moisture.
Provide enough nutrients both macro and micro. Very important nutrient for plant growth. These nutrients can be supplied from fertilizer or activity of microorganisms contained in the planting medium.
Does not contain germs, planting medium must be clean of pests and diseases. Pests and diseases contained in the planting medium can attack plants and cause death in plants. Planting medium should not be sterile because many soil microorganisms are actually very beneficial to plants, but it should be hygienic of germs.
Materials of organic growing media
There are many kinds of materials that can be used to create a planting medium ranging from natural to synthetic ones. However on this occasion we will only limit on some organic materials are widely available in nature, cheap and easy to manufacture.
a. Land (the main ingredient)
Good soil for planting medium should be taken from the inner layer (top soil). In general there are two types of soil that is to be considered the land of sand and clay. The sandy soil has good drainage capability, fast flowing water but its weakness is poor soil's water-holding in reserve. While the clay is more difficult to be penetrated by water so it will make the stagnant water in the planting medium. Good soil to plant the media is not too sandy and not too clays, but should be crumbly.
b. Compost or humus
Compost is organic material that serves as a provider of plant nutrients. Compost is used for the planting medium is compost, please read the type and characteristics of the compost. Almost all types of compost can be used as raw material planting medium.
The addition of organic matter such as compost or humus to the growing media can improve the physical structure of the soil and increase the cation exchange capacity. Compost is added preferably in the form of mature compost. Immature compost potentially bring in pests and diseases. In addition, elements of haranya difficult absorbed by plants as yet fully unraveled.
In addition to compost, humus can also take advantage found in the forest. Humus soil has a high nutrient content. If your location is close to the forest, topsoil can be searched easily. The best places are around the plant ferns.
Elements of other organic materials can also be used as a substitute for compost or humus such as manure or green manure. Only needs to be underlined, you should use green manure or mature properly and has granular texture like soil. Use of manure immature and panyakit risk brought on plant pests.
c. Or coco husk
Husk is the result of incomplete combustion of rice husk. Husk useful to increase the capacity of the soil porosity. The addition of rice husk in the planting medium will improve the structure of the growing media because the particles have an effect on the movement of water, air and maintain moisture.
Benefits husk is able to neutralize the acidity of the soil, neutralize toxins, improve water holding capacity of the soil, stimulating the growth of beneficial microbes to plants, making loose soil which improves soil drainage and aeration. Husk is better than rice husk, rice husk as already experienced burning can eliminate germs or pests that may be shipped.
In addition to rice husk, can also be used remnants of coconut coir (coco peat). Coco husk has such properties. Coco planting medium suitable for use in dry areas with low rainfall. Coir is taken from the skin of an old coconut.
How to make organic growing media
Here are ways to make the planting medium polybag or pots by using raw materials that have been described above. To make a good planting medium is required elements of earth, binders or water storage and nutrient providers. Raw materials to be used in the following tutorial is a land of top soil, compost and rice husk. Here are the steps:
Prepare the soil that looks loose and fertile, better taken out from the top. Then sieve the soil up into fine granules. Keep the soil in the dry state so that it does not clot. Clumping soil will cause the materials are not mixed evenly.
Prepare mature compost, can be of the type of regular compost, Bokashi or compost takakura. Sift the compost or humus to be fine grains.
Prepare rice husk, please read how to make the husk.
Mix the soil, compost, and rice husk in a container. The composition is a mixture of 2 parts soil, 1 part compost and 1 part rice husk (2: 1: 1). Mix well.
Prepare a pot or polybag, insert the mixture into it. Planting medium is ready for use.
Just for the record, the three raw materials can also be mixed with the composition of 1: 1: 1 or 2: 1: 1. Which one is best for you, of course, depending on the type of plant and the availability of resources. Regarding the results, some studies show different things. Better try it for trial and error.
Planting medium is very useful if we want to grow vegetables in a polybag or pots. Such a method is suitable to be applied in a limited area or a narrow area. Here is an example of the application of vegetable cultivation in polybag.
Posted by Lajuardy Hardian
1. A BRIEF HISTORY
Peanuts are food plants such as shrubs originating from South America, specifically originating from Brazil. The first planting is done by the Indians (native Americans tribes). In developing the Americas planting done by immigrants from Europe. Peanut was first entered Indonesia in the early 17th century, brought by the Chinese and Portuguese merchants. Another name for peanuts is peanut una, suuk, nuts jebrol, nuts Bandung, nuts Tuban, nuts kole, nuts banggala. English is peanuts is "peanut" or "groundnut".
2. TYPES OF PLANTS
Systematics peanuts are as follows:
Kingdom: Plantae or plant
Division: Spermatophyta or seed plants
Sub Division: Angiospermae or covered with seed
Class: Dicotyledoneae or seeds into pieces two
Order: Leguminales
Family: Papilionaceae
Genus: Arachis
Species: Arachis hypogeae L .; Tuberous Arachis Benth .; Arachis guaramitica Chod & Hassl .; Arachis idiagoi Hochne .; Arachis angustifolia (Chod & Hassl) Killip .; Arachis villosa Benth .; Arachis prostrata Benth .; Arachis helodes Mart .; Arachis marganata Garden .; Arachis namby quarae Hochne .; Arachis villoticarpa Hochne .; Arachis glabrata Benth. Varieties cultivated groundnut farmers superior type usually upright and short-lived (early maturing). Yielding varieties of peanuts are marked with the following characteristics:
a) High yield.
b) Short life (early maturing) between 85-90 days.
c) The result is stable.
d) Resistance to major diseases (rust and leaf spot).
e) Tolerant of drought or muddy ground.
Peanut varieties in Indonesia are well-known, namely:
a) Nuts Brul, short-lived (3-4 months).
b) Chinese beans, long-lived (6-8 months).
c) Holle beans, a mixed type from crosses between varieties exist. Holle beans can not be equated with beans "Alert" because of different varieties.
3. BENEFITS OF PLANTS
In industry, it is used as a material for making cheese, butter, soap and cooking oil. The byproduct of the oil can be made meal (bean dregs already dipipit / taken oil) and made oncom through fungal fermentation. Benefits leaves addition is made of raw vegetables or boiled, used also as animal feed and green manure. As food and fodder are highly nutritious, peanut-containing fat (40.50%), protein (27%), carbohydrates and vitamins (A, B, C, D, E and K), also contains minerals include Calcium , chloride, Ferro, Magnesium, Phosphorous, Potassium and Sulphur.
4. INVESTMENT CENTER
At the International level initially centered peanuts in India, China, Nigeria, the United States and Gombai, then spread to other countries. In Indonesia peanut concentrated in Java, North Sumatra, Sulawesi and has now grown all over Indonesia.
5. TERMS GROWTH
5.1. climate
a) Rainfall suitable for peanut plants between 800-1300 mm / year. The rain is too hard will result in fall and flowers are not pollinated by bees. In addition, continuous rain will increase the humidity around the planting peanuts.
b) Temperatures for the peanut crop is not too difficult, because the minimum air temperature for the growth of peanuts around 28-32 ° C. When the temperature is below 10 ° C caused a bit stunted plant growth, even so stunted growth due to less than perfect flower.
c) Air humidity for peanut plants ranged between 65-75%. The presence of high rainfall will increase the humidity is too high around the plantation.
d) Full sun irradiation sorely needed for peanut plants, especially leaves fertility and development of peanut magnitude.
5.2. Growing Media
a) The type of soil that is suitable for peanut crop is loose soil types / light textured and lush.
b) The degree of acidity of the soil that is suitable for the cultivation of peanuts is a pH between 6.0 to 6.5.
c) Lack of water will cause the plants thin, stunted, wilt and eventually die. Required water plants derived from springs or springs that exist around the planting site. Well drained soil and berserasi or land that is not too wet and not too dry, good for growing peanuts.
5.3. altitude Places
Altitude good and ideal for peanut plants is at an altitude between 500 m above sea level. Certain types of peanuts can be planted at a certain altitude to be able to grow optimally.
6. GUIDELINES FOR RAISING
6.1. Nurseries
1) Requirements Seed
The terms of seeds / seedlings good peanuts are:
a) Derived from plant new and improved varieties.
b) Ability to grow high (over 90%) and healthy.
c) Seed coat shiny, no wrinkles and blemishes.
d) Pure or mixed with other varieties.
e) Seed moisture content ranging from 9-12%.
2) Preparation of Seed
Preparation of peanut seeds include the following:
a) Generative seeds (seeds).
b) The seeds should be stored in dry and tightly closed cans.
c) Good seed stored in a dry state constant.
d) Seeds obtained from Seed or breeder seed that has been designated by the Seed Certification.
e) Estimated seed needs can follow the following formula:
B = a x b x c kg
100 x p x q
B = weight of seed (kg)
A = Number of seeds / hole;
b = Seeds per 1000 seeds (g)
c = Location to be planted (ha)
p = distance between rows (m)
q = distance in a row (m)
6.2. Media Processing Plant
1) preparation
Measurement of the land area is very useful to know how many seeds are needed. Land conditions chosen should be adapted to the requirements of peanut plants.
2) Clearing
Land clearing essentially a clearing of all kinds of weeds (plants) and roots before planting. The purpose of clearing land to plant roots growing ease and eliminate the host plants for pests and diseases that may exist. Piracy is done with farm animals, such as buffalo, cow, or even with a tractor engine. Cultivation is done on the sides of which are difficult to reach by means of the plow and harrow to the ground ready for planting.
3) Formation Beds
To facilitate the setting pembedengan planting in accordance with a predetermined size, ie for a rather steep slope sufficient spacing of 0.5 m and for the land that is not so skewed to between 30-40 meters. As for the flat land, spacious beds are 10-20 meters or 2 x 10 meters. The thickness of the beds between 20-30 cm.
4) Liming
To raise the pH of the soil, especially in the land that is very sour, need liming. The dose used for liming when piracy is 1-2.5 tonnes / ha and stir until evenly mixed. Not later than 1 month before planting.
5) Biological fertilizer application MiG-6PLUS when pratanam (3hari before planting).
Give MiG-6PLUS biological fertilizer on the surface of the land by means of spray / pour evenly, the required dose is 2 liters per hectare. On dry land, the MiG-6PLUS application should be in the afternoon.
6) Fertilization
Fertilization is to add elements necessary plant nutrients. The type and dose of fertilizer per hectare is recommended urea = 60-90 kg plus TSP = 60-90 kg plus KCl = 50 kg. All doses given fertilizer at planting time. Fertilizer put on the right and left drill and drill hole was made approximately 3 cm.
6.3. Planting techniques
1) Determination of Planting Pattern
Pattern plants should pay attention to the season and rainfall. In the fertile soil, peanut seeds are planted in the bolt with a spacing of 40 x 15 cm or 30 x 20 cm. In less fertile land can be planted closer together ie 40 x 10 cm or 20 x 20 cm.
2) Hole Making Plant
Planting hole is made as deep as 3 cm with a drill with a predetermined distance above.
3) Planting Method
Choose a bean seed that has been qualified high quality seed. Put one or two grains of seed into the planting hole with a thin soil. Best planting time dilahan dry is at the beginning of the rainy season, in the paddy field can be conducted in April-June (crops I) or a month from July to September (crops II). As for the opening of land first made Rhizobium inoculation (seed inoculant mixed with a dose of 4 g / kg) and then direct seed planted later than 6 hours.
6.4. Plant maintenance
1) stitching
Stitching is done when there is a seed that is dead or not grow, to replanting the time the sooner the better (as others seem to grow ± 3-7 days after planting).
2) weeding
Weeding is done to avoid pests and plant diseases. Also that the plants are grown not compete with wild plants (weeds) at the age of 5-7 days.
3) ground cover
Ground cover done by collecting soil in the rows so as to form mounds that form elongated along the row of plants.
4) fertilization
Fertilization is done with the type and dose of the recommended fertilizer is urea = 60-90 kg / ha plus TSP = 60-90 kg / ha plus KCl = 50 kg / ha. All doses given fertilizer at planting and fertilizer entered the left to the right a single hole.
5) MiG-6PLUS fertilizer application during maintenance at the age of 3 weeks and 6 weeks after planting, when using the medium or long-lived seeds (90-120hari), required additional MiG-6PLUS fertilizer at the age of 9 weeks. Giving each of 2 liters per hectare.Giving MiG-6PLUS solution in the soil around the roots.
6) Irrigation and Watering
Watering is done so that the soil remains moist. To keep moisture in the dry season when given mulch and watering plants are not flowering, because it can menggganggu pollination.
7) Pesticide Spraying Time
Spraying to expel or eradicate the pest should be done in the afternoon or evening. Drugs used and the dose according to the type of pests that attack plants.
8) Other maintenance
Other things that really support the maintenance factor can be done, as long as it does not entail significant costs, such as pruning, propagation, maintenance and flower buds and environmental sanitation land (maintained in order to support the health of plants).
7. PEST AND DISEASE
7.1. pest
a) Uret
Symptoms: eat the roots, stems and pods finally the bottom of the plants wither and die. Control: simultaneous planting, weeding intensive, revoked and uret infected plants were destroyed.
b) colored caterpillar
Symptoms: folded leaf yellowing, finally dries. Control: 15 W5C Azodrin spraying insecticide, Sevin 85 S or Sevin 5 D. c) Silkworm grapyak Symptoms: caterpillars eat the leaf epidermis and bone in groups. Control: (1) clean of weeds, plant simultaneously, crop rotation; (2) spraying insecticide Lannate L, Azodrin 15 W5C.
c) caterpillars inch
Symptoms: attack leaves peanuts. Control: insecticide spraying Basudin 60 EC Azodrin 15 W5C, Lannate L Sevin 85 S.
d) Sikada
Symptoms: suck the liquid leaves. Control: (1) simultaneous planting, crop rotation; (2) spraying insecticide Lannate 25 WP, Lebaycid 500 EC, Sevin 5D, Sevin 85 S, Supraciden 40 EC.
e) leaf beetle
Symptoms: The leaves seem hollow, leaves and bones, also eat blossom. Control: (1) planting simultaneously; (2) spraying Agnotion 50 EC, Azodrin 15 W5C, Diazeno 60 EC.
7.2. disease
a) wilt
Control: spraying Streptonycin or Agrimycin, 1 ha in need of 0.5-1 liters. Agrimycin in solubility of 200-400 liters / ha.
b) Devil broom disease
Control: plants removed, discarded and destroyed, all cleaned host plants (sanitation).
c) Leaf spot disease
Control: Bardeaux slurry spraying with 1% or Dithane M 45, or Deconil the finished flowering plants, with intervals of spraying 1 week or 10 days.
d) mosaic disease
Control: regular spraying with fungicides 5-10 days since the new plants grow.
e) disease gapong
Control: didangir soil nematodes and searched, then just given a DD (Dichloropane Dichloropene 40-800 liters / ha per application.
f) disease Sclertium
Control: burn the affected plants fungi.
g) rust disease
Control: the affected plants removed and burned and all the vectors of transmission must be eradicated.
8. HARVEST
8.1. Characteristics and Harvest
Age peanut crops depending on the course is short lifespan ± 3-4 months and 5-6 months ± longevity. The characteristics of groundnut is harvested, among others:
a) Stem begins to harden.
b) The leaves turn yellow and sebabian began to fall, pods already contains a full and hard.
c) Pod color is dark brown.
8.2. How to Harvest
Revocation of plants and picking the pods (fruits) kept clean and dried in the sun, choose when needed for seed and so do storage, can be marketed for direct consumption or can be made of various types of food products.
8.3. Estimated Production
The number of normal crop production in the unit area, for example for one hectare of normal production ranged between 1.5-2.5 tonnes of dry peas.
9. POSTHARVEST
9.1. collection
Collect stover peanut strategic place.
9.2. Sorting and Classification
Divide old pods and pods are young to be separated by degrees ketuaannya, then the selection of damaged or rotten pods for disposal.
9.3. storage
a) Storage in the form of dried peas, dried peas input into burlap sacks or cans tightly sealed and stored in warehouse storage dry place.
b) Storage in the form of dry beans.
c) Peel the peanut pods dry by hand or peeler peanuts. Drying (DTY) peanut kernels up to 9% moisture content and then input into the container.
9.4. Packaging and Transportation
Packaging can be done for raw products / raw peas in plastic wrap per 10 kg. Can also be packaged cake or form cooked food like boiled peanuts, roasted peanuts and various types of peanut cake. To transport the principle that pentuing commodity condition is not damaged or does not change the quality of the prepared.
10. STANDARD PRODUCTION
10.1.Ruang Scope
Standard production plant beans include: classification, quality requirements, sampling method, test methods, labeling requirements, packaging and rekomondasi.
10.2.Diskripsi
Quality standards in Indonesian peanut listed in the Indonesian National Standard SNI 01-3921-1995.
10.3.Klasifikasi and Quality Requirements
Peanuts are classified into 3 types of quality: quality first, quality second and third quality
a) general Terms
1. Non pest.
2. Free stench, sour, musty and foreign smell.
3. Free from chemicals such as insecticides and fungicides.
4. It has a normal temperature.
b) Special requirements quality of peanut seeds (wose)
1. Maximum moisture content (%): the quality I = 6; quality II = 7; Quality III = 8.
2. Item damaged maximum (%): the quality of the I = 0; quality II = 1; Quality III = 2.
3. Item Mall maximum (%): the quality I = 1; quality II = 5; Quality III = 10.
4. Grain other colors maximum (%): the quality I = 0; quality II = 2; Quality III = 3.
5. Item wrinkles maximum (%): the quality I = 0; quality II = 2; Quality III = 4.
6. Maximum Impurities (%): the quality I = 0; quality II = 0.5; Quality III = 3.
7. Diameter: 8 mm minimum quality I; Quality II minimum 7 mm; Maximum III quality 6mm.
c) Special requirements quality of peanut pods (logs)
1. Maximum moisture content (%): the quality I = 8; quality = 9; quality = 9.
2. Maximum Impurities (%): the quality I = 1; quality II = 2; Quality III = 3.
3. The maximum wrinkled pods (%): the quality I = 2; quality II = 3; Quality III = 4.
4. The maximum damaged pods (%): the quality I = 0.5; quality II = 1; Quality III = 2.
5. The seed pods of the maximum (%): the quality I = 3; quality II = 4; Quality III = 5.
6. The minimum yield (%): the quality I = 65; quality II = 62.5; Quality III = 60.
To get the peanuts in accordance with the terms, then it should be done a few tests, namely:
a) Determination of the presence of pests and diseases, smell is done by organoleptic except the presence of chemicals by using their senses of sight and smell as well as assisted with equipment and means obtained.
b) Determination of the presence of damaged grain, grain color, dirt and grain sides done by hand with tweezers. Percentage point another color, damaged grains, grain sides, grain wrinkles, and dirt are set based on the weight of each component compared with the weight of 100%.
c) Determination of the diameter by using a dial caliper gauges.
d) Determination of seed moisture content should be determined by means of electronic tester mouture calibrated or by distillation with toulen (AOAC 9254). To measure the water content, peanut pods should be peeled skin first, then beans measured soil water content.
e) Determination of the temperature with a thermometer.
f) Determination of aflatoxin.
10.4. Random Sampling
Samples were taken at random as the square root of the number of sacks, with a maximum of 30 sacks of each party goods. Then from each bag were sampled a maximum of 500 grams. Examples are stirred / mixed so thoroughly, then divided by four and two sections taken diagonally, the way this is done several times to reach the sample weighing 500 grams. This example sealed and labeled for analysis, analysis of sample weight to 100 grams wose beans and peanuts spindle 200 grams. The sampling officer must qualify that people who have experienced or trained in advance, and had ties with a legal entity and have a certificate issued by the competent authority.
10.5.Packing
Peanuts are packed in jute sacks or other suitable material strong and clean and mulutnyadijahit, each sack netton maximum weight of 75 kg, and hold a good experience at handing the loading and offloading. In the outer bag (except in bulk form) is written with a safe material which does not fade with clearly legible, among others:
a) Production of Indonesia.
b) The area of origin of production.
c) Name and quality of the goods.
d) Name of company / exporter.
e) gross weight.
f) the net weight.
g) Number sack.
h) Purpose.
